Section 1 Introduction
Introduction
Some Helpful Hints
Neuroanatomy
Overview of the Patient Evaluation
The Neurologic Examination Overview and Form
Neurologic Examination Techniques and Lesion Localization
Evaluation of the Head
Evaluation of the Gait
Evaluation of the Neck, Thoracic Limbs,
Back, Pelvic Limbs, Tail, and Anus
Postural Reactions
Spinal Cord Reflexes
Miscellaneous
Pain Perception
Lesion Localization
Section 2 Dementia, Stupor, and Coma
Definitions
Lesion Localization
Differentiation of Lesions Causing Stupor or Coma
Differential Diagnosis
Common and Occasional Disorders
Rare Causes of Stupor and Coma
Diagnostic Evaluation
Important Historical Questions
Physical Examination
Neurologic Examination
Applicable Diagnostic Tests
Common and Occasional Disorders
Head Trauma
Intoxication
Hypoglycemia
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Meningoencephalitis
Hydrocephalus
Neoplasia
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Hypoxia and Anoxia
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome
Rare Causes of Stupor and Coma
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Uremic Encephalopathy
Thiamine Deficiency
Lysosomal Storage Disorders
Epidermoid, Dermoid, and Arachnoid Cysts
Lissencephaly
Section 3 Seizures
Definitions
Lesion Localization
Differential Diagnosis by Age Group
Younger Than 1 Year of Age
1 to 5 Years of Age
Older Than 5 Years of Age
Diagnostic Evaluation
Important Historical Questions
Physical and Neurologic Examinations
Applicable Diagnostic Tests
Seizure Disorders
Probable Symptomatic Epilepsy
Idiopathic Epilepsy
Status Epilepticus Therapy
Maintenance Anticonvulsant Therapy
Phenobarbital
Potassium Bromide
Monitoring Therapy
Diazepam
Adding a Second Drug
Other Rarely Used Anticonvulsant Drugs
At-home Therapy to Control Cluster Seizures
Section 4 Tremors
Definitions
Lesion Localization
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Important Historical Questions
Physical and Neurologic Examinations
Applicable Diagnostic Tests
Tremor Disorders
Hypocalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Intoxications
Nonsuppurative Meningoencephalomyelitis and
Idiopathic Tremors of Adult Dogs
Idiopathic Tremors of Geriatric Dogs
Episodic Idiopathic Head Tremors or Bobbing
Hypomyelination or Dysmyelination
Section 5 Head Tilt, Dysequilibrium and Nystagmus
Definitions
Lesion Localization
The Vestibular System
Differentiation of Vestibular Lesions
Vestibular Labyrinth and Nerves (CN 8)
Vestibular Nuclei and the Medulla Oblongata
Flocculonodular Lobe of the Cerebellum
Differential Diagnosis
Vestibular Labyrinth and Nerve (PNS) Disorders
Medulla Oblongata and Cerebellar (CNS) Disorders
Diagnostic Evaluation
Important Historical Questions
Physical Examination
Neurologic Examination
Applicable Diagnostic Tests
Vestibular Labyrinth and Nerve Disorders
Idiopathic Vestibular Syndrome
Otitis Interna
Head Trauma
Iatrogenic Vestibular Syndrome from Ear Cleaning
Polyps and Neoplasia
Hypothyroidism
Aminoglycoside Intoxication
Medulla Oblongata and Cerebellar Disorders
Meningoencephalitis
Trauma
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Metronidazole Intoxication
Neoplasia
Parasite Migration
Section 6 Cranial Neuropathies and Myopathies
Clinical Signs
Definitions
Lesion Localization
Differentiation of Peripheral and Central Cranial
Nerve Lesions
Differential Diagnosis
Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disorders
Central Nervous System Disorders (Any Cranial Nerve Sign)
Diagnostic Evaluation
Important Historical Questions
Physical Examination
Neurologic Examination
Applicable Diagnostic Tests
Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disorders
Blindness
Anisocoria
Strabismus
Jaw Paralysis
Temporalis and Masseter Muscle Atrophy
Facial Nerve Paralysis
Deafness
Dysphagia, Megaesophagus, Dysphonia, and Stridor
Tongue Paralysis or Atrophy
Cranial Polyneuropathies
Dysautonomia
Central Nervous System Disorders
Section 7 Neck or Back Pain
Definitions
Lesion Localization
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Important Historical Questions
Physical and Neurologic Examinations
Applicable Diagnostic Tests
Disorders That Cause Neck or Back Pain
Degenerative Intervertebral Disk Disease
Diskospondylitis and Spondylitis
Meningitis
Vertebral Fractures
Lumbosacral Degeneration
Atlantoaxial Subluxation
Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
Spondylosis Deformans
Vertebral Neoplasia
Nerve Root and Spinal Cord Neoplasia
Polymyositis and Other Polymyopathies
Polyarthritis
Intracranial Disease
