Section 4 Anatomy and Physiology
Perineal Conformation and Anatomy 56
Vulva, Vestibule, and Vagina 57
Uterus, Uterine Tubes, Ovaries and Adnexa 60
Cervix 60
Uterus 61
Oviducts 64
Ovaries 66
Adnexa 67
Physiology of Ova Production
and Fertilization 68
Folliculogenesis 68
Oogenesis 70
Fertilization 72
Section 5 Seasonality, the Estrous
Cycle and its Manipulation
and Artificial Control
Seasonality 76
The Estrous Cycle 79
Points of Control 80
Progestogens 80
Prostaglandins 82
Gonadotropins 83
Options for Management 84
Estrous Synchronization Programs 84
Artificial Lighting 89
Estrus Suppression in Show
and Performance Mares 90
Section 6 Breeding Serviceability Exam
of the Mare
History and Signalment 94
Physical Examination 95
External Perineum 96
Vaginal Examination 98
Rectal Exam and Ultrasonography 100
Endometrial Cytology 106
Endometrial Culture 110
Endometrial Biopsy 111
Hysteroscopy 114
Other Diagnostics 116
Section 7 Breeding Management
Estrous Detection 118
Examinations 118
Records 120
Breeding by Live Cover 123
Breeding by Artificial Insemination 125
Fresh Semen on the Farm 125
Transported Extended Cooled Semen 127
Frozen Semen 128
Low-dose Hysteroscopic Insemination 129
Ovulation Management 130
hCG 130
Deslorelin 130
ProstaglandinF2-alpha 131
Post-Breeding Examination and Treatments 131
Section 8 Pregnancy Diagnosis
Behavioral Signs of Pregnancy 134
Vaginoscopy 134
Rectal Examination for Signs of Pregnancy 135
Transrectal Ultrasonography 138
Hormonal Evaluations 141
Progesterone 141
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG, PMSG) 142
Estogens 143
Tandem Hormons Assy 143
Relaxin 143
Management of Twin Conception 144
Early Intervention 145
Late Intervention 148
Fetal Sexing 149
Transabdominal Ultrasonography 150
Section 9 Early Embryonic Loss
Early Pregnancy Considerations 154
Age Related Considerations 155
Uterine Tube Considerations 157
Uterine Environment Considerations 158
